This study investigates the performance of PVDF hollow fiber membrane bioreactors for treating municipal/industrial wastewater. A range of factors, including hydraulic retention time and feed concentration, were adjusted to optimize microbial activity. The results demonstrated that PVDF hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a viable solution for

Membrane bioreactors MBRs represent a sophisticated technology in wastewater processing. This approach seamlessly combines biological filtration with membrane retention, achieving superior quality of treated water. MBRs excel in producing effluent that meets stringent discharge standards. The versatility of MBR technology enables its application a